Laboratory & Diagnosis

fa بررسی علت اپی ژنتیک ایران باستان و امروز Investigating the Cause of Epigenetics in Ancient and Modern Iran ژنتیک ژنتیک مروری Review <div style="text-align: justify;">اپی ژنتیک Epigenetics بیانگر تأثیر رفتار و محیط فرد بر تغییرات در ژنتیک است که موجب فعال یا غیر فعال شدن ژن‌ها می‌شود؛ فرهنگ یکی از جمله عوامل اپی ژنتیک است. اگر چه فرهنگ مستقیماً ساختار ژنتیکی DNA را تغییر نمی‌دهد، اما می‌تواند بصورت غیر مستقیم بر ژن‌ها، بیان آنها و مسیر تکامل انسان تأثیر بگذارد. فرهنگ به عنوان مجموعه‌ای از باورها، رفتارها و استفاده از فناوری‌ها، نقش کلیدی در شکل گیری زندگی انسان ایفا می‌کند. محیط زیست، طبقات اجتماعی، دسترسی به مواد غذایی، استرس، جنگ، مصرف مواد مخدر و اعتیاد آور وجود بیمارهای عفونی و سرطانی و .. همه عامل اپی ژنتیک امروز ما هستند. در این مقاله عوامل مختلفِ ایجاد کننده اپی ژنتیک در ایران امروز، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است؛ همچنین به بررسی علائم هیپوپلازی دندان‌های انسان باستانی 4000 ساله ایران (به همراه نتایج اسکن) به دلیل استرس پس از جنگ پرداخته شده است.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;">All cells in our body have DNA, but have you ever wondered why brain cells are different from skin cells? This difference is due to the effect of epigenetics. Epigenetics, in simple terms, means the factors that control the switching on and off of genes. It is true that genes are responsible for all the characteristics of a person. But the way genes are expressed can be different in each individual. Although culture does not directly change the genetic structure of DNA, it can indirectly affect the abundance of genes, their expression, and the path of human evolution. Due to the laws or culture of society and their continued observance in successive generations, gene expression may change in a different way. On the positive side, such as lactose digestion and increased speed of evolution, and on the negative side, of course, the weakness of society, the existence of social classes in providing healthy food, hygiene and healthy materials, even clothing fabrics free of harmful plastic, is essential. If the government suffers from a weak economy, functional corruption and poor support for the people of society, the society suffers from sadness and depression, lack of happiness and beneficial hormones, lack of life expectancy, becomes involved in addiction, theft and the creation of dangerous relationships among young people, and the number of infectious diseases, HIV, HPV, etc. increases. If the government does not comply with environmental standards and the environment and air become polluted, diseases including premature death, cancers, diabetes, heart/ respiratory problems, brain shrinkage, even of the fetus inside the mother's womb due to lack of oxygen and the presence of toxic substances such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, asbestos, arsenic, diesel fuel/ fuel oil, nitrogen oxides, aromatic compounds such as gasoline and toluene, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), mesothelioma, lead poisoning / lead ammonium sulphamate and mercury poisoning, vitamin D deficiency and subsequent premature aging of organs and cells, impaired development of fetal neurons, skeletal and structural defects of the fetus and even miscarriage will occur. Stress due to economic crisis, dangerous diseases or war causes intense and continuous production of cortisol in the brain and the whole body, and even its transfer through the father's sperm to the fetus, and its subsequent negative effects on the individual's life, such as diseases including autoimmunity/(Celiac), weak immune system, changes in methylation patterns, changes in HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) regulatory genes, change in Lock CPG Sites like Paleo-Eskinao, and disruption of stomach and digestive system function. The article refers to an ancient specimen from 2000 BC from Iran with scans, which was obtained from a five-story cemetery, which was found to be in the previous layer of the Great War with the dead, and the individual, due to his presence at that time but not being killed, has symptoms of hypoplasia in his teeth due to stress and lack of nutrients due to captivity. Ancient DNA sequences also contain the epigenome of the ancient genome, and their different epigenome patterns are similar to those of modern humans. DNA methylation usually occurs at the base positions (cytosines). Scientists have found that the breakdown of cytosines depends on whether they are methylated. In fact, when a methyl group is added to a cytosine, it is converted to another chemical called thymine, and in the absence of a methyl group, cytosine is converted to another chemical called uracil. By measuring the amount of thymine, researchers can estimate the amount of DNA methylation in ancient samples. As the study of Neanderthal bones shows, unlike modern humans, the genes HOXD9 and HOXD10 were highly methylated in Neanderthals. Both genes are involved in organ growth and development, which may explain the anatomical differences. Therefore, today, colonization, exploitation, coercion by superpowers, the rise of idiots, culture, and lack of natural resources all cause changes in the function of genes and their expression. A group of beneficial genes are suppressed and a group of harmful genes are activated, which causes disruption and slowing down of evolution, and Perhaps it is followed by migration and assimilation and all the epigenetic reasons in our modern world, and the need to produce medicine based on the above considerations and the societies in which it is produced and consumed.  </div> بیان ژن, اپی ژنتیک, انسان باستان, تکامل, بیماری‌های عفونی, سلول‌های مغز Gene expression, Epigenetics, Drug production, Evolution, Infectious diseases, Brain cells 42 47 http://labdiagnosis.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-11-25-547&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Daryoush Farhud داریوش فرهود 10031947532846001872 10031947532846001872 Yes Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences/Ethics, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Genetic Clinic, Tehran, Iran دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، گروه علوم پایه / اخلاق، فرهنگستان علوم پزشکی ایران، کلینیک ژنتیک، تهران، ایران Mahsa Azari مهسا آذری 10031947532846001873 10031947532846001873 No Farhud Genetic Clinic, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran کلینیک ژنتیک، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران