Heart failure is a growing epidemic in the worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a major mechanism of cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease. Moreover, it causes many diseases and deaths around the world. Atherosclerosis, like coronary artery disease (CAD), is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.
The current article has been collected the studies performed in the last 10 years on Phyllanthin and Sestrin2 molecules and Taurine as cardiac biomarkers and their effect on cardiovascular diseases. Their effect on the mechanism of cardiovascular disease, inflammation and oxidative stress and their collection and results have also been investigated.
Taurine is a non-protein amino acid that has been made in large quantities in most mammalian tissues and it has a significant role in physiological functions. This molecule affects cell function, including osmotic regulation, antioxidant effect, ion transport regulation, and bile acid composition.
It also plays a role in calcium exchange and improves heart function that possibly performed by inhibiting Renin angiotensin system. Based on research, Tau protects against damage to myocardial cells by H₂O₂. This suggests that this molecule may play a role in mitochondrial apoptosis to protect myocardial cells.
Sestrin2 (SESN2) is a highly protected metabolic protein against induced stress that is known as a suppressor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects cells against various harmful stimuli including genotoxic and oxidative stress, stress Endoplasmic reticulum and hypoxia.
In the reviewed articles, we examined the relationship between CAD and plasma levels of Sestrin2. Plasma Sestrin2 is high in patients with CAD and there is a relationship between it and CAD severity.
In this article, the effect of Phyllanthin on the walls of coronary arteries is also investigated. In addition, the function of Phyllanthin cardio protection against ischemia and anemia in the heart of rats was evaluated. Ischemic damage and lack of blood supply to the heart caused by coronary artery occlusion were examined.
Cardiac and pro inflammatory markers were measured by laboratory kits. The expression of oxidative stress markers and inflammatory markers were measured by immune histochemical analysis and they examined by PCR.
Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and ATPase levels were assessed by standard methods. Cardiac histology was also observed through microscopic method.
Phyllanthin treatment increased body weight and heart weight; furthermore, it reduced the extent of heart damage in rat myocardial ischemia / MI / RI injury. Cardiac markers decreased and blood pressure markers increased with Phyllanthin. Histological analysis showed a protective role for Phyllanthin.
In summary, we have shown that sesn2 is an age-related and stress-related protein and it is an important factor in the adaptive response to ischemic injury by affecting AMPK activity and substrate metabolism.
Inflammatory Taurine also appears to affect vascular function through several mechanisms, including osmotic regulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and Ca²⁺. New findings confirm the therapeutic role of Phyllanthin against MI / RI in experiments. Therefore, it can be a promising factor in the treatment of MI / RI-induced cardiac dysfunction.